Services: Regulatory Compliance

Iron and Manganese Removal in West Brookfield, MA

The West Brookfield Water Department (WBWD) is taking an important step toward improving drinking water quality and protecting public health with planned upgrades to the Leland Road Pump Station. The project will introduce new treatment to remove iron and manganese from the town’s groundwater supply, helping ensure compliance with regulatory standards while improving the overall quality and reliability of drinking water for the community.

Tata & Howard has been contracted to provide design, permitting, and bidding services for the project, which will add a new filtration facility at the Leland Road well site.

Addressing Iron and Manganese

WBWD’s water system relies on five groundwater wells that serve approximately 2,555 residents. Well 01G supplies the Ware Point Road Treatment Facility, while Wells 03G through 06G feed the Leland Road Pump Station before entering the town’s distribution system. Currently, the Leland Road Pump Station provides chemical treatment using potassium hydroxide for pH adjustment and calcium hypochlorite tablets for oxidation and disinfection. However, the facility does not include filtration treatment.

Recent water quality monitoring has shown increasing levels of iron and manganese in several of the wells serving the Leland Road facility. Iron concentrations have exceeded the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) of 0.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L), while manganese concentrations have consistently exceeded the SMCL of 0.05 mg/L.

Additionally, manganese has exceeded the health advisory of 0.3 mg/L. As a result, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection is requiring the Town to install a treatment system to address iron and manganese levels.

Why Manganese Removal Is Important

Iron and manganese are naturally occurring elements often found in groundwater. While they are traditionally classified as secondary contaminants, manganese is increasingly recognized as an emerging contaminant with potential health implications.

Research has shown that prolonged exposure to elevated manganese levels may impact neurological development, particularly in infants and young children. For this reason, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established a lifetime health advisory of 0.3 mg/L for manganese.

Addressing these contaminants will not only improve the appearance and taste of the town’s drinking water but also ensure compliance with evolving health guidance and regulatory requirements.

A Treatment Solution for the Future

To address these water quality challenges, WBWD plans to install a GreensandPlus™ pressure filtration system at the Leland Road Pump Station. This technology is widely used for removing iron and manganese from groundwater supplies.

The new treatment facility will be housed in a separate building constructed adjacent to the existing pump station. The building will include three 7-foot diameter GreensandPlus™ filter vessels designed to treat water from Wells 03G through 06G.

Additional upgrades will include improvements to chemical feed systems, well pump upgrades, and enhancements to the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system for improved monitoring and operational control.

Pilot testing previously conducted for the site demonstrated that GreensandPlus™ filtration can reliably reduce iron and manganese concentrations to below treatment goals of 0.1 mg/L for iron and 0.025 mg/L for manganese, providing a long-term solution for maintaining water quality.

Funding Support Makes the Project Possible

For a small community like West Brookfield, major infrastructure investments can be difficult to fund through local water rates alone. The Leland Road Pump Station upgrade is estimated to cost approximately $6.24 million, a significant investment for a system with only about 1,000 water customers.

The Town is receiving important financial assistance to help make the project possible. The project will receive funding through the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF) program, which provides low-interest loans to communities for critical water infrastructure projects. The loan is expected to carry a two percent interest rate with potential principal forgiveness, reducing the financial burden on the community.

In addition, the project has secured $1 million in Congressionally Directed Spending (CDS) funding, as well as a $500,000 Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities (EC-SDC) grant to support the treatment improvements.

Financial assistance of this kind is essential for small water systems. As noted by the Town, without additional funding beyond the basic SRF loan, the cost of constructing the treatment facility would place a significant strain on the water department’s budget and could require major water rate increases. 

Protecting West Brookfield’s Water Supply

Once completed, the Leland Road Pump Station upgrade will significantly improve drinking water quality for West Brookfield residents by removing iron and manganese and ensuring compliance with state guidelines. More importantly, the project will provide the community with a long-term solution that strengthens the reliability and safety of its drinking water system for years to come. 

Sewer Feasibility Study and Sewer System Design — New Fairfield, CT  

Tata & Howard completed a Sewer Feasibility Study for the Town of New Fairfield, CT to determine the feasibility of developing a sewer service area for the Town of New Fairfield town center/business district, municipal town buildings and schools, and other properties within the proposed sewer service area as well as transporting the wastewater to the City of Danbury’s Wastewater Treatment Facility. The assessment included an estimate of projected flows for all properties within the planned service area and a comparison of total estimated flows to available capacity at the Danbury Wastewater Treatment facility. Design concept plans for the planned sewer service area included determination of collection system sewers and pump station locations. Part of the study included an evaluation of potential routes for transporting flows from the Fairfield Town Center service area to the City of Danbury collection system for treatment. 

sewer feasibility studyEstimated project budgetary costs for the sewer service area collection system, pump stations, and transport to the City of Danbury along with a phasing and implementation plan were included in the final draft report to the Town of New Fairfield. 

Throughout the course of the project, a number of meetings with the Town were held to obtain Town input and comments including one meeting at the completion of the initial assessment phase, one meeting at the completion of the concept design phase, and a series of meetings and presentations at Town Selectboard meetings to obtain public input during the roll out of the final report.

Tata & Howard provided preliminary and final design of 2.7 miles of gravity sewers, one main pump station, four remote, submersible pump stations, 2.3 miles of force mains, , and 4,000 linear feet of low pressure sewer. The project also includes identifying easements, land acquisition plans, preparation of permitting, and bidding assistance. 

Preliminary design included survey, soil borings, preparation of base mapping, identification of utility requirements, a radio path survey and an opinion of probable cost. 

sewer studyFinal design development includes final design of the main pump station, remote pump stations, gravity sewers, force main, and low-pressure sewers for connection to the City of Danbury collection system including site plans, profiles of force main and gravity sewers, pump station structures and chambers, electrical and controls, emergency generators, odor control, erosion and control plans, etc. Also includes design of the main pump station building designed to match the local aesthetic and mask it as a non-utility structure.

Construction Documents will be prepared by phasing construction under four contracts: 

  • Year 1 – Phase 1: Main Pump Station and force main for connection to the Danbury System and Collection System for the Town Center and commercial district (Sewer Sheds 2 [commercial],
    4, 5 and 8);
  • Year 2 – Phase 2: Collection System connecting schools, police, and fire facilities (Sewer Sheds 1 and 2 [residential]);  
  • Year 3 – Phase 3: Additional Collection System connecting additional commercial properties, The Birches 55+ community, The Woods at Dunham Pond 55+ community, The Good Shepherd Lutheran Church, and potential future land development along Route 37 (Sewer Sheds 3, 6, and 7).

Barnstable, MA Maher WTP Upgrades

Photo courtesy of Waterline Industries Corporation

Tata & Howard provided engineering services for a completion of a pilot test proposal, pilot testing, and pilot test report to evaluate the use of granular activated carbon (GAC) to treat PFOS/PFOA, advanced oxidation to treat 1,4 dioxane, and LayneOx and greensand pressure filtration to remove iron and manganese from the source waters (Well No. 1, Well No. 2, and Well No. 3) at the existing Maher Water Treatment Plant. Pilot testing was performed, submitted, and approved by MassDEP in July 2017. The pilot test report was prepared and submitted in January 2018 to MassDEP.

Tata & Howard also provided engineering design, permitting, bidding, and construction services for the expansion of the existing Maher Water Treatment Plant. Upgrades include a new 90’ x 90’ pre-engineered metal building, GAC treatment, chemical feed upgrades, electrical upgrades at the existing plant including a new stand-by generator, and miscellaneous piping and site work. The new carbon filtration building include granular activated carbon (GAC) filters designed to remove PFAS. In addition to PFAS, the facility will include treatment processes to treat 1,4 dioxane and iron and manganese in the drinking water.

This project involved Massachusetts public construction laws and procedures.

HVWP Water Distribution and Storage Improvement Project

Background

Hooksett Village Water Precinct (HVWP) Phase I Water Distribution and Storage Improvement Project is the first of three major drinking water components of the RTIA Tax Increment Financing (TIF) District economic development initiative sponsored by the Town of Hooksett. The project consisted of the construction of 1,800 linear feet of distribution system improvements in the Vista Drive area, a new 0.40 million gallon capacity glass-fused-to-steel tank, and 350 linear feet of associated transmission main from Daniel Webster Highway to Main Street.

The Precinct has been partnering with the Town, Sewer Commission, local businesses, committees, residents and area developers to encourage TIF-based infrastructure projects. TIF can be used to fund improvements that benefit the whole community by attracting new development, revitalizing blight, and/or enacting quality of life projects. This can significantly expand the tax base and provide more or easier access to services for residents with less financial impact.

Project Details

Hydraulic modeling studies completed in 2020 as part of the Precinct’s asset management program showed that distribution improvements were needed in the Vista Drive area to relieve a bottleneck that was critically restricting flow from the existing Quarry Tank and nearby wells. The Vista Drive area water main replacement/extension was listed as a Top Priority in the Precinct’s March 2021 Asset Management Plan Update. This area is the closest and primary source of water and fire protection for the TIF District, and a direct connection to the area is imperative to efficiently transmit water to the TIF District.

The Thompson Comer Tank is critical to water system hydraulics, not only for fire flow purposes but also for redundancy, emergency resiliency, and operational flexibility. It is inextricably linked to the operation of the Quarry Tank and the TIF District. Unfortunately, it had deteriorated to the point where it needed replacement. The new, slightly larger capacity replacement tank allowed the Quarry Tank to be taken offline as needed for O&M or emergencies; provide backup storage for the TIF district; allow the Quarry Tank to operate at 100% capacity; and improve overall energy efficiency by increasing off-peak operations. 

water storage tankReplacement of the existing Thompson Corner Tank also served as the permanent action plan to address a Significant Deficiency outlined by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES) in October 2020. The deficiency identified was severe deterioration of the coating on the inside and outside of the tank. NHDES required that funding be authorized by March 2022 and a tank construction contract be awarded by October 2022.

The cost to replace the Thompson Corner tank and install the Vista Drive area water main and associated transmission main was $2,464,000 and was funded by 2021-22 NH Drinking Water & Groundwater Trust Fund (DWGTF) and NHDES American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) Funds. 

And the Winner Is…

Each fall, the Granite State Rural Water Association holds a drinking water taste test at its Annual Operator Field Day and Exhibit. In fall 2024, just after the completion of the project, HVWP had the honor of winning the contest!

Since Hooksett Village Water Precinct  won the water taste test contest at Granite State Rural Water Association Operator Field Day this fall, they were able to represent New Hampshire in the National Rural Water Association’s  The Great American Water Taste Test, where they  won second place out of 43 systems in the National Rural Water Association’s “The Great American Water Taste Test” in Washington D. C. in February 2025.  Mike Heidorn, P.G., Superintendent, represented HVWP and accepted the award.

We are very proud of the collaboration and efforts of both HVWP and the Tata & Howard team for the incredible success of our partnership. 

PFAS Mitigation, Shrewsbury, MA

A PFAS Journey to Determine Effective Management and Treatment Options

Tata & Howard is working with the Town of Shrewsbury, MA to address perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the groundwater. The Town of Shrewsbury water system serves a population of approximately 38,300. The system consists of about 200 miles of main, nine active groundwater wells from three well sites, three pressure zones, six storage tanks, and one water treatment plant. The 7.0 million gallon per day (mgd) Home Farm Water Treatment Facility utilizes biological treatment for removal of manganese.

In 2020, Shrewsbury detected PFAS in the wells. Sampling has indicated that PFAS is present in most of the wells operated by the Town but under the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 20 nanograms per liter (ng/L) for PFAS6 as regulated by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) which includes the sum of concentrations for PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFHpA, and PFDA. Raw water from one well site, the Sewell Well, has been consistently higher than 20 ng/L; but the finished water from all wells after treatment at the Home Farm Water Treatment Plant has been in compliance and consistently less than 16 ng/L. Most of the PFAS is in the form of PFOA and PFOS which are the two compounds for which the EPA has developed a proposed MCL. The PFOA indicated by the green bar in Table 1 is higher than the proposed Federal MCL of 4 ng/L.

Currently, the Town has been managing the sources to improve water quality and stay under the current MCL of 20 ng/L for PFAS6. A mass balance is utilized to estimate finished water PFAS concentrations based on updated sample results and changes in the operation of the sources. Tata & Howard created the base tool which can be used to see how changes to PFAS levels or flow rates can affect the finished water concentration.

Table 2 represents existing conditions. The numbers used for PFAS are the highest results from each individual well observed in a year of sampling data, showing the finished water level is about 16 ng/L.  As long as the PFAS concentrations in the wells remain consistent, the Town will remain in compliance. If sample results change and they see an increase in PFAS concentration at Sewell, the Town will make adjustments using the mass balance to manage the sources to remain in compliance.

 The Town cannot manage sources like this indefinitely. They decided to move forward with reviewing PFAS treatment options and pilot testing to determine the best course of action if/when treatment is required.

Tata & Howard and the Town considered three treatment options. The first option is anion exchange, which uses a resin with positively charged ions. These are typically single use resins and require one to three minutes of empty bed contact time. The next option is Granular Activate Carbon (GAC) which uses adsorption. This media can be made from different types of carbon sources that can be recycled through thermal reactivations and requires a ten minute empty bed contact time. There are limitations with GAC on some of the short chain PFAS. The third type is novel media, which includes other types of media that do not fall into the first two categories. The novel media piloted uses an adsorption process that is classified as a single use resin and has a two to three minute empty bed contact time.

Pilot System

Shrewsbury’s pilot testing utilized three anion exchange resins from two suppliers (one of which was regenerative), a coal-based GAC, and a novel media. The novel media selected works like GAC since it is not as sensitive to chlorine and chlorides, which can impact the effectiveness of anion exchange resins.

The GAC pilot test utilized two 6-inch columns in series rather than one very tall column to give more flexibility for installation and backwashing. A total of 10 gallons of media were installed with a loading rate of 7.5 gal/ft2 and an empty bed contact time of approximately ten minutes. The anion exchange and novel medias each utilized one 6-inch column with five gallons of media installed, a loading rate of 11.25 gal/ft2, and an empty bed contact time of approximately two minutes.

The water source was a tap on the effluent line from the existing filters using finished water that had been treated for manganese removal but not any of the chemical additions of KOH, phosphate, chlorine, and fluoride. There were control valves so the water only came through the unit when the treatment plant was online, which is typically more than 20 hours per day.

There was an initial baseline water quality sampling event at the start, at the end of week 20, and at the end of piloting. PFAS samples were taken day one, day seven, and then monthly for the duration of the pilot. Samples were taken from the 25% sample tap until breakthrough (50% of the raw water PFAS levels, so between 6 and 7 ppt), then at the 50% tap.

Table 3 shows the result from the different taps at the end of the pilot.  The anion exchange results are from the best performing anion exchange resin. GAC was first detected in week 8 with breakthrough in the 25% tap in week 16 and the 50% tap in week 44. There was a detected amount in the final sample tap in week 64, which was the final week of the testing.

Anion exchange had the longest time to first detect but the 25% breakthrough for all anion exchange and novel media were all within a sample event or so of each other and occurred between weeks 44 and 52. The novel media had breakthrough of the 50% tap at week 60 and was detected in the 100% tap at the final week while the anion exchange was ND in the 100% tap at the end of the pilot.

Table 4 is a summary as to what the permanent filter system may look like. The filters are similar in size but the number of recommended filters differs for each resin. The overall building footprint is similar as well. The anion exchange did perform slightly better than the novel media, however, the overall PFAS removal results over the duration of the pilot was similar. Because of this, construction costs, long term media replacement costs, and operational considerations were included as part of the media selection process.

The Town has chosen to use novel media because it allows for some backwashing and chlorination, reducing the potential of biofilm buildup and potential capacity loss due to increased headloss through the media. Additionally, the novel media has a smaller footprint in comparison to GAC.  The Town of Shrewsbury’s current PFAS levels do contain mostly PFOS and PFOA at concentrations higher than the proposed Federal regulations for those two compounds. Also, based on reviewing the data of the PFAS6 compounds, PFOA was the compound first detected for all media; also, the majority of the detected PFAS6 concentrations in the effluent throughout the pilot were PFOA.

One additional challenge moving forward is the design of the facility so the water goes through the manganese treatment first, the new PFAS treatment next, and finally utilizes the existing clearwell for chlorine contact, with finished water pumping into the system, all while keeping the existing treatment online during construction and start up.  Tata & Howard is currently designing the facility which is being funded through the MassDEP State Revolving Fund.

Pilot Testing for Iron and Manganese Removal in Barnstable, MA

Due to elevated levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 1,4 Dioxane, and iron and manganese in the three drinking water production wells at the Maher Water Treatment Facility, the Town of Barnstable is proceeding with design and construction of upgrades at the facility to treat for these constituents.

Pilot testing includes carbon, Greensand, and LayneOx filters

The Town of Barnstable is currently conducting pilot testing at the site to determine the required design parameters, treatment process effectiveness, and best technology to achieve the desired treated water.  Treatment processes associated with pilot testing include GreensandPlus and LayneOx for removal of iron and manganese, advanced oxidation (ultraviolet light with hydrogen peroxide) for removal of 1,4-dioxane, and granular activated carbon (GAC) for removal of PFOS and PFOA.  Treatment for 1,4 Dioxane is the primary goal of the pilot test in order to meet the requirements of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) New Technology Approval process.

The MassDEP has confirmed that pilot testing of GAC filtration at the Maher facility is not a statutory requirement due to the current use of this water treatment technology at the Town’s Mary Dunn Wells and the availability of current water quality data for treatment of PFOS/PFOA within the same water system.  However, the Town has decided to include GAC filtration with pilot testing of advanced oxidation and iron and manganese removal to evaluate the performance of all proposed treatment processes operating together.

UV reactor for pilot test

Pilot testing is being conducted by Blueleaf, Inc. as a sub-consultant to Tata & Howard, Inc.  Pilot testing was completed in 2017.

 

 

 

 

Trinity Ave. Chemical Feed Pump Station, Grafton, MA

Tata & Howard provided engineering services for permitting, design, and bidding of the 1.3 mgd chemical injection Trinity Avenue Pump Station at the Trinity Avenue Wellfield.  The project included an evaluation of alternatives for the access road including installation of a bridge or an open bottomed culvert; assistance with the preparation of permanent easements for the installation of utilities and roadway to the well site; preparation and submittal of an NOI to the Grafton Conservation Commission.  The design included an access road, bailey bridge with abutments, double wythe block building, interior concrete painted block with wood truss roof and asphaltic shingles, installation of three (3) submersible pumps and pitless adaptors, approximately 1,800 linear feet of 6-inch and 12-inch water main, emergency liquid propane tanks and generator, instrumentation and controls, a SCADA system for the pump station and wells, and a 24-inch transmission main for 4-log removal. Security included chain link fence, gates, locks, intrusion alarms, and lighting.  Tata & Howard also assisted Owner with the coordination of the installation of three phase power to site.  Chemical feed at the station includes KOH for pH adjustment and chlorine gas for disinfection.  Standby power was included in an outdoor enclosure. The project is currently under construction and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.

Water System Operations Plan, Falmouth, MA

Falmouth MA lighthouse

Tata & Howard, Inc. prepared a Water System Operations Plan for the Falmouth water system.  As part of the Settlement Agreement between the Town of Falmouth and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the Town agreed to complete a Water System Operations Plan.  The purpose of the plan was to evaluate seasonal demands, current source and storage tank operations and identify system and operational changes necessary to address distribution areas with low chlorine residuals.

The Town of Falmouth’s water distribution system consists of approximately 400 miles of water mains of various materials ranging in size from six to 24 inches in diameter.  The Town has five active water supply sources including both groundwater and a currently unfiltered surface supply. Each source is treated with sodium hypochlorite for disinfection with the exception of Long Pond, which includes disinfection with chlorine gas.  Falmouth’s water distribution system includes four water storage tanks and a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to run and monitor operations.

The Falmouth Water Department faced a number of challenges, including the following:

  • Maintaining regulatory compliance
  • Meeting water demands
  • Peak summer demands could only be met with Long Pond surface supply
  • Long Pond is an unfiltered surface water supply
  • Constant struggle to maintain treatment compliance and water quality
  • Seasonal impacts from turnover or algae growth
  • Lack of treatment to address taste, odor, and color can require severe curtailment in use of the supply
  • Excessive source chlorine residuals needed to maintain distribution system residual chlorine concentrations, combined with source water organics results in elevated disinfection by-products (DBP – Total Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids) which are regulated compounds

The study reviewed the challenges above and recommended changes to systems operations procedures to improve water quality.  We used a hydraulic model to determine water age and look at its impacts on water quality.  The plan was submitted and approved by Mass DEP.

Additionally, Tata & Howard completed the design of a 3.6 mgd treatment facility which utilizes air stripping and pressure filtration technology for the removal of iron, manganese and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The facility includes an air stripping tower, three greensand filtration units, horizontal carbon contactors, chemical storage and feed facilities, gravel pack supply well, finished water storage, and backwash holding tanks.

Water Supply Feasibility Study, East Burke, VT

Burke Fire District #1, East Burke, Vermont 

east burke vt mountain

Tata & Howard worked with the District and assisted them to come into compliance with the deficiencies noted in their Sanitary Survey. This District was once a private water company with numerous water quality, pressure, and supply issues and it finally was turned into a Fire District. The system has 45 connections and is on a water connection ban from the State. Tata & Howard prepared a Water Supply Feasibility Study with regards to addressing all of the systems issues, which are noted below:

  • Issues with the spring source and its spring house structure
  • Issues with inadequate system pressure at a few connections
  • No disinfection system or stand by disinfection system
  • Lack of source metering
  • Lack of source overflow metering
  • Lack of auxiliary well approval
  • Lack of system flushing hydrants
  • Lack of good water system map
  • Inadequate supply during summer months due to reduction in spring source
  • Failed coliform tests requiring disinfection

The solutions developed included the following:

  • New spring house roof and structure for disinfecting
  • Computer modeling for alternatives to address inadequate flows and pressures
  • Evaluation of the emergency well with Hoffer Consulting
  • Development of a source metering vault and system
  • Disinfection system for stand-by disinfection
  • Plan for metering the spring overflow
  • Alternatives for water system storage
  • Alternative to connection to other water system source
  • Flushing hydrants installation options